Business elites and populism: understanding business responses

This article analyses the challenges to business associated with rise of right-wing populism. It discusses how populist turn has weakened key underpinnings power in neoliberal era, notably prevalence quiet politics and network governance. complex strategic dilemmas these create for business. Extending Hirschman’s classic model exit, voice loyalty, it develops a novel typology five responses populism: soft voice, loud explicit loyalty implicit loyalty. The extended highlights two related appropriate degree engagement which faces era are reflected contrast between types factors shaping strategy businesses likely choose reflects on broader implications this analysis state-business relations power.